Vocabularyके पिछले अध्याय में हमें Vocabulary का अर्थ व Antonyms के बारे में समझा था। आज हम Vocabulary के बाकि निम्न विषयों के बारे में जानेंगे।
1. Synonyms
2. Homonyms ( Homophones)
3. One word substitution ( One word for a group of words)
-In the last chapter of vocabulary we knew the vocabulary and antonyms of vocabulary. We'll know about the following vocabulary...
1. Synonyms
2. Homonyms ( Homophones)
3. One word substitution ( One word for a group of words)
1.सिनोनिम का अर्थ :-
सिनोनिम का अर्थ - समान अर्थ वाले शब्द । व्यापक रूप में सिनोनिम को पर्यायवाची शब्द भी कहते हैं। हिन्दी में पर्यायवाची प्राय: ऐसे होते है जो आपस में समान अर्थ में प्रयुक्त होते है; जैसे पानी और नीर; गंगा और सुरसरिता ; कमल और पंकज। किन्तु अंग्रेजी भाषा में दो शब्द एक समान अर्थ में प्रयोग कम ही हो पाते हैं; जैसे - perhaps or probably; Hear or listen; Anger or wrath तथा Enemy or Foe।
सिनोनिम की निम्नलिखित सूची को ध्यापूर्वक पढ़ो -
-Meaning of the synonyms :-
The term which is similar in meaning to the synonym. Synonym is generally known as synonym. Synonyms in Hindi are often used in the same sense among themselves; Like water and neer; And of the Ganges and the river; Lotus and pankaj are to be found. But in the English language two words are rarely used in a common sense; like:- perhaps and probably; Hear and listen; Anger and Wrath or Enemy and foe.
Read the following list of antonym carefully -
Words Synonyms
Abandon (छोड़ना) leave
Abdicate (त्यागना) renounce
Abhor ( घृणा करना) hate
Ascent (चढाव,उठना) lift
Ability (योग्यता,क्षमता) capacity
Abolish (समाप्त करना) cancel
Absolute ( पूर्ण ) entire
Absurd ( भद्दा ) senseless
Absurd ( अपशब्द कहना) scold
Accept (स्वीकार करना) assent
Aid (सहायता ) help
Arrogance (घमण्ड) pride
Attach (लगाना) join , fix
Bad (बुरा) wicked,evil,ill
Bane (हानि) harm
Banish (निकाल देना) exile
Battle (लडाई ) fight, combat
Belief (विश्वास) trust
Beautiful ( सुंदर) handsome
Beauty ( सौंदर्य) grace, charm
Bind (बांधना) chain,fasten
Benefit (लाभ) profit
Blithe (प्रसन्न). Merry, cheerful
Boast (डींग मारना) brag
Capacity (क्षमता) ability
Capture (गिरफ्तार करना) arrest, seize
Careless ( असावधान) heedless
Celestial (ईश्वरीय) heavenly, divine
Cessation (रोक) stop, pause
Chaste (विशुध्द) pure
Cheat (धोखा देना) deceive
Clever (चतुर) skilful
Danger (खतरा) risk,peril
Dangerous (खतरनाक) risky, perilous
Deadly (घातक) fatal
Debt (कर्ज ) liability
Deception ( धोखा) deceit
Oust (हटा देना) depose
Obstacle ( बाधा) hindrance, check
Perennial (सदाबहार) evergreen
2.होनोनियम्स
होनोनियम्स का अर्थ - जब दो या अधिक ऐसे हो, जिनका उच्चारण एक समान अथवा मिलता जुलता हो, किंतु उनका वर्ण विन्यास तथा अर्थ एक - दूसरे से भिन्न हो तो वे आपस में होनोनियम्स कहलाते हैं जैसे:- ब्ल्यू - नीला , ब्ल्यू - हवा चली
कुछ महत्त्वपूर्ण होनोनियम्स:-
-Homonyms ( Homophones)
The meaning of Homonyms - when there are two or more similar pronunciations but their orthography and meaning different from one another, they are called Homonyms :- blue - नीला blue-wind.
Some of the important Homonyms:-
1. Accede - सहमत
Exceed - अधिक होना
2. Accept - स्वीकार करना
Except - सिवाय , अतिरिक्त
3. Affect - प्रभाव डालना
Effect. - प्रभाव , कार्य समपन्न करना
4. Alter - वेदी
Alter - परिवर्तन करना
5. Aunt - चाची
Ant. - चींटी
6. Bail - जमानत
Bale - बड़ा बंडल ( गांठ, गठरी)
7. Bear. - रीछ, सहन करना, ले जाना
Beer. - एक प्रकार की शराब
8. Birth - जन्म
Berth - रेलगाड़ी की शायिका
9. Canon - नियम , सिध्दांत
Cannon - तोप
10. Cast - फेंकना
Caste - जाति
11. Check - रोक, अवरोध, रोकना
Cheque - चैक , हुण्डी , धनादेश (बैंक से रुपया लेने हेतु)
12. Course - पाठ्यक्रम, मार्ग
Coarse - भद्दा, मोटा
13. Desert. - रेगिस्तान (noun), छोड़ना (verb)
Dessert. - भोजन के बाद फलो का आहार
14. Dissent - असहमत होना
Descent - उतार
15. Draught. - घूंट, हवा का झोंका
Drought - सूखा,प्यासा
16. Dual - दुहरा
Duel - व्दंन्व्द युध्द
17. Dye - रंगना
Die - मरना
18. Eligible - योग्य
Illegible - अपठनीय
19. Eminent - प्रसिद्ध
Imminent - निकट या शीघ्र होने वाला
20. Essay - निब्न्ध
Assay - प्रयत्न करना, कसौटी पर जांचना
3.One word substitution ( one word for a group of words)
शब्दों के प्रकार -- अंग्रेजी भाषा में दो प्रकार के शब्द होते है -
(I) वे शब्द जिनके अर्थ में केवल एक शब्द आते हैं ; जैसे - Assist (=help); Arrive (=come); Depart(=go); False (= untrue) आदि।
(II) वे शब्द जिनके अर्थ में बहुत अधिक शब्द आते है अर्थात जिनका अर्थ व्याख्यात्मक होता है; जैसे-
Carpenter (बढ़ाई) :- A craftsman who makes or repair woodwork in houses, furniture, ships etc.
Goldsmith (सुनार ):- one who makes article of gold.
यदि हम उपर्युक्त शब्दों (II) को उल्टा करदे अर्थात् Meaning पहले लिखे और शब्द बाद में लिखे, तो यह one word substitution हो जाएगा; जैसे-
A craftsman who makes or repairs woodwork in houses, furniture, ships etc. = Craftsman
इसी प्रकार Goldsmith और Ethics समझा जा सकता है।
निम्नलिखित व्याख्यात्मक शब्द के समूह के स्थान पर one word substitution को ध्यानपूर्वक पढ़ो-
-Types of words - English language has two types of words -
(I)Those words whose meaning comes only one word; As the
Assist (=help); Arrive (=come); Depart(=go); False (= untrue) etc.
(II)Words which mean too many words i. e. which means explanatory; As the
Carpenter (बढ़ाई) :- A craftsman who makes or repair woodwork in houses, furniture, ships etc.
Goldsmith (सुनार ):- one who makes article of gold.
If we reverse the above words (ii) i.e.Meanings first and then words later, So this one word substitution Will be doing; As the
A craftsman who makes or repairs woodwork in houses, furniture, ships etc. = Craftsman
Also Goldsmith and Ethics To be understood.
In place of group of following interpretative word one word substitution Read with carefully-
PART -1- Group of words amd their One word substitution
Group of words one word
substitution
1. Power of doing something. ability
2. Having the power to do a thing. able
3. Not limited by any rules. absolute
4. Something that happens by chance. accident
5. One who keeps or it skilled in accountant
accounts
6. To free from blame. acquit
7. To think very highly of. admire
8. A period of time in history. age
9. The number of years since birth. age
10. A person who acts for another. agent
11. Be of the same mind of opinion. agree
12. A cry of sorrow, regret or pity. album
13. A place of keeping birds. aviary
14. The science or art of flying aviation
aeroplanes
15. A self - evident truth. axiom
16. The air that surrounds the atmosphere
earth.
17. The hearers at a meeting. audience
18. An unmarried man. bachelor
19. One who is unable to pay bankrupt his dept or insolvent
20. A state of being unmarried. celibacy
PART:-2- One Word and its substitution of a group of words
One word Group of words
1. Antonym. A word having opposite
Meaning
2. Audience An assembly of heares
3. Catalogue A list of Books or things
4. Invincible. Unconquerable
5. Monetary. Pertaining to money
6. Patricide. Murder of one's father
7. Inflammable. Easily set on fire
8. Spectator. Person witnessing a thing
9. Widower. A man whose wife is dead
10. Notorious. Widely known for evil deeds
11. Fatalist. One who believes in fate
12. Irreparable. Incapable of being repaired
13. Inevitable. What is sure to happen
14. Incredible. Incapable of being believed
15. Brittle. Liable to be broken easily
16. Panacea. A cure for all diseases
17. Illegal. Country of low
18. Germicide. A thing that kills germa
19. Distatorship. Government carried on by
an absolute ruler
20. Cosmopolitan. A person free from national
attachments or prejudices.
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